Achievement 1 1. Title: Study on harness pattern and high-efficiency agro-ecological and economic system construction in highland and gully region in Changwu 2. Type: National key program in the eighth five-year period 3. Head: Mingde Hao, professor Address: Xinong Road 26#, Yangling, Shaanxi province Email: haodong@public.xa.sn.cn Tel:029-7012322 Fax：029-7012210 4. Members: Xiangmin Li, Fang Zhang, Kaiyuan Li, Guiqin Song, Junxing Zhang, Shiqing Zheng, Tinghui Dang, Junchao Li 5.Management organization: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwestern Science and Technology University of Agriculture and Forestry 6.Participant organization: North West Institute of Botany; Comprehensive harness station on Loess Plateau in Changwu county 7. Duration: 1991-1995 8. Research objective: On the base of key research in the seventh five-year period, comprehensive harness will concentrated in adding penetration and interception of rainfall. Optimized pattern of eco-environment will be established to form high standard control example. With the studies on potential yield in dry land, effect of water-fertilizer on food output, and measure system of normative plantation, crop yield will increase. Study on technique systems of high-efficiency exploring in gully and slope land will be carried out to optimize soil utilization pattern and to establish practical model of food and fruit industry.9. Main research content: Study on optimized model and information systems of soil resources Study on optimized structure of crop varieties and technological system for yield increasing Study on balance of farmland nutrition and technological system of fertilization Study on exploration model of gully-slope land resources and application measure for good quality and high yield of orchard Study on regeneration of bad forest and configuration with protective plants Study on measures of penetration and interception of rainfall and its efficiency Study on construction of fundamental agro- installation and utility technique of limited water resources 10. Main results: Wangdonggou watershed test region is the example of highland and gully region, which is one of the two landforms on Loess Plateau. There had a structural change in rural industrial structure with the construction of highly effective eco-agricultural system in the Seventh Five-year period and improvement of it in Eighth Five-year period. Rural industrial structure had been adjusted from one-crop farming in history to double structures (food, industry) in Seventh Five-year period and to multiple structures (food, fruit, industry). Food production developed sustainable despite the bad climate. Food output was 3754.5kg/ha despite drought and two severe dry years in Eighth Five-year period, which was in high level in history and among the similar regions. Food output was the highest(6256.5kg/ha) in 1993,which year rainfall reached normal. Soil resources in gully and slope land were explored comprehensively. Soil productivity was greatly improved by leveling up the land, constructing road, and constructing fundamental installation of water transportation. Income of gully-slope land increased from 40 Yuan to 4000 Yuan. System of road erosion resist in watershed had been established. Convenient road net in gully and slope made it possible for matter and technique input and combination the labor with gully ?Cslope land, thus improved the utilization of gully ?Cslope land resources. Eco-environment was improved significantly. In 1995, farmer income per capita reached to 1313 Yuan, and soil erosion module was below 800t/km2.a and grass cover was 39.5%. 11. Key words: Highland and gully region on Loess and Plateau/ harness pattern/ agro-ecological and economic system 12. Research funds: 1,500,000 RMB 13. Notes: The project was awarded with the second sci-tech progress by Shaanxi province government in 2000 Achievement 2 1. Title: Study on comprehensive and sustainable development of highly productive and effective agriculture in middle-south highland and gully region 2. Type: National key program during ninth five-year period 3. Head: Ming-de Hao, professor Address: NO. 26 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 Email: haodong@public.xa.sn.cn Tel: 029-7012322 Fax：029-7012210 4. Members: Junchao Li, Yinli Liang, Guiqin Song, Tinghui Dang, Junxing Zhang 5. Management organization: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwestern Science and Technology University of Agriculture and Forestry 6. Participant organization: North West Institute of Botany; Comprehensive harness station on Loess Plateau in Changwu 7. Duration: 1996-2000 8. Research objectives: The project is mainly on resolving high efficiency utilization technology of water-fertilizer resources under drought to assure sustainable development of food production, which is orientated on potential development of food productivity and high- effective development of bad gully-slope land resources. Further exploitation of lower-production gully-slope land resources will be carried out to improve potentially capacity in protecting eco-environment and increasing economic efficiency. Model of high-effective utilization of resources and structural pattern of multiple structures (food, fruit, industry) will be perfected to strengthen resistance of high-efficiency ago-ecological and economic system. The test region will be built as example of high-productivity and high-efficiency agricultural sustainable development in highland and gully region. 9.Main research content: Study on long-term effect of sustainable development with crop productivity in farming eco- system Study on increasing fertilization utilization rate and technological system for improving food output Study on water circulation and conversion efficiency in farmland Study on establishing of high-efficiency agricultural structure and optimizing land utilization pattern Study on technique of good eco-orchard construction Study on improving eco-economical efficiency of forest Study on erosion resists technological system and its efficiency in highland and gully region 10. Main results: 10.1 Productivity level was be improved by exploring optimized model and adjusting rural industrial structure. Industrial structure had been adjusted from one-crop farming to multiple structure (food, fruit and industry). Planting was accounting for 20% in total agriculture income now comparing with 80% in past, and income of fruit increased from 2% to 30% or so, and industry was about 50 %. There were about 20 % peasants engaging in production and sale of fruit, and 25% leaved land to go in third industry, thus caused great changes in total rural industrial structure. 10.2 Food-production developed by increasing utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer resources and forming technological system of drought resist. And average yield in 15 years had reached 273.6kg/mu and highly potential dry land output had been gained since the beginning of key research. Food could be self-support basically with one person only possessing 1.1 mu dry land fields. 10.3 System of production, restore and sale of fruit was formed. Advanced technique was applied to improve fruit quality, and biology calcium fertilizer was produced to improve calcium and sugar content in fruit, which strengthened the competition ability in market. 10.4 Technological system of slope and gully resources exploration was perfected, and the efficiency of soil and water conservation and economy was improved. Plant covering rate reached 43%, and soil and water loss controlling rate was 95%, and soil erosion modulus decreased to 504 t/km2.a. 10.5 Model of land quality evaluation was established. At the same time sci-tec results and practical technique were introduced. Practical methods for collaborating population-resource-environment were preliminary found. 11. Key words: highland and gully land / highly productive and effective agriculture/ sustainable development 12. Research funds:1,500,000 RMB 13. Notes: The project was awarded with the first Sci-Tech progress of Shaanxi Academy of Sciences in 2001.